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MASTER_MARK

                                             January 19, 2026

                                                            MASTER_PARADIGM
     Margaret Masterman, "The Nature of a Paradigm",
     _Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge_ (1970):

     "I have simplified the position by saying squarely that
     when 'normal science' sets in, *anywhedre*, there you
     have science, and where it does not set in, there you
     have philosophy or something else, not science, and that
     is always some construct-using, puzzle-solving trick
     which starts off normal science."

     Masterman comments that she can be attacked for not
     being able to "distinguish" between various cases
     (the "demarcation problem"?)--

        "a new research line from a total new science"
        "mulitiple-paradigm science form mature single paradigm science"

                    She simply admits that she can't:

                    "In my view the two can only be distinguished
                    from one another later, by hindsight, when a
                    total new science with one vast paradigm ..."

     Further, she can't really distinguish a premature/phoney science
     (aka pseudo-science) from the real deal, except in retrospect,
     using at "test of time" critereon.

                                                         STRUNG_ALONG


          "Do we not see premature 'normal science'
          (which is also called 'phoney science' and
          'pseudo-science' by soured critics) setting in
          all round us in a nightmarish manner, in the
          newer sciences, especially where computers can
          be grandiosely used to give a spurious
          impression of genuine scientific efficiency?"






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